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These inventions concerns applications for lowering or increasing the turbulence or the flow resistance on objects.
 

	The following are specified here:
	1. The positive sharkskin surface profile or the negative sharkskin surface profile,               2. The positive Lotus effect surface profile or the negative Lotus effect surface profile                   3. The positive octopus compression suction cup surface profile or the negative octopus compression suction cup surface profile

These three surface profile types may be mounted on objects individually or in combination to one another as desired. Mounting solar cells on objects as desired is also of benefit for generating energy.

Figure 1

These pictures depict a model of positive sharkskin serving to reduce the flow resistance for the following technical applications or examples. Positive sharkskin produces a negative sharkskin with regard to the technical surface profile. The negative sharkskin is suited for reducing or increasing flow turbulence. While implementing positive sharkskin to decrease flow resistance a value of 3 to 18% can be attained. The negative sharkskin produces an increase or decrease in flow turbulence amounting to 2 to 18% on objects.

Figure 2

Figure 2 provides several illustrations of the positive lotus effect. The lotus effect (a surface resistant to collecting dirt) is based on hydrophobic tabular surfaces, which practically repel water and dirt particles. The positive lotus effect is suited best for reducing the flow resistance of objects located in water and for influencing flow turbulence, i.e. of turbine blades or turbine propellers of all types. In this respect a decrease of flow resistance by 2 to 8% has been attained on objects. The positive lotus effect as technical surface profile also produces a negative lotus effect. The negative lotus effect produces a favorable enhancement of flow turbulence and at the same time a turbulence harmonization, i.e. on the inside of turbines or all types of turbine vanes. In this regard an enhancement of flow turbulence amounting to 2 to 7% has been attained on objects.

The described negative lotus effect can also be implemented as additive in adhesives, bands, films of all types or in primary coats. The adherence, in other words the cohesion of the glued joints, increases in this case by approx. 8 to 15%, while in primary coats by approx. 4 to 12%.

The individual attachment of a surface profile or the combination of this surface profile in the object application, e.g. as a positive sharkskin surface profile with its additional coating or in separate attachment through a positive lotus effect surface profile has the following, substantiated effects for:

Formula 1 tyres or other tyres

The photo shows tyres which can be coated with a positive snakeskin surface profile. This improves the tyre revolution turbulence; this is significant if there is side wind or precipitation water. Water fountains are thrown up in a ca. 18 % more constant pattern. This improves grip in the event of aqua planing and means that the vehicle is easier to control. This improves driving safety in life and death situations. These effects are also increased by fitting a positive lotus effect surface profile. In addition, this permits greater speeds of up to ca. 3 % through the aerodynamics and revolution turbulence. Equally, the fitting of a positive octopus compression pad surface profile on both circular rings of the tyre increases speed by up to ca. 3 % with the corresponding positive effects on aqua planing, vehicle control and grip.
Another invention involves fitting solar cells to the two lateral tyre rings to produce power, e.g. to power a tyre pressure meter or to keep the temperature in the cockpit above freezing point.

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